Electrical Machines and Drives unit-3 Hand written notes

The following notes cover the following topics 

UNIT III    SPEED CONTROL AND STRATING                        

Speed control of D.C. motors – three phase induction motors – starting methods of D.C. motor

and three phase induction motor – electrical braking – simple problems.

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DE- unit-4 ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT Hand written Notes

 This hand written notes cover the following topics:
Stable Unstable states, Output Specifications, Cycles and Races, Race free assignments,
Reduction of State and Flow tables, Hazards.

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DE- Asynchronous Sequential Circuit Lecturing Videos

The video Covers the following topics of unit-4 in Digital Electronics:
Stable Unstable states, Output Specifications, Cycles and Races, Race free assignments,
Reduction of State and Flow tables, Hazards.

SOM 2 Mark Question and Answers

2 Mark Questions and Answers:     UNIT –1

STRESS STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS, STATES OF STRESS

1. Define stress.

When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation. At the same

time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the resisting force is numerically equal to the applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area is called stress.

Stress = Force/Area

When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some change of dimension in the body. Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to the original length of the body.= P/A unit is N/mm^2

2. Define strain

Strain = Change in length/Original length   e = _L/L

3. State Hooke’s law.

It states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is

directly proportional to the strain.

Stress _ Strain

_ _ e

_ = Ee

E = _/e unit is N/mm^2

Where,

E - Young’s modulus

_ - Stress

e – Strain

4. Define shear stress and shear strain.

The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of

the body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced is called shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain.

5. Define Poisson’s ratio.

When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the

longitudinal strain is constant for a given material.

Poisson’ ratio (μ or 1/m) = Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain.

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KOM Two mark Question and Answers for all units

2mark Questions and Answers:    UNIT 1 - BASICS OF MECHANISMS

Part A questions:

1. What is Kinematics?

Kinematics is the study of motion (position, velocity, acceleration). A major goal of Understanding kinematics is to develop the ability to design a system that will satisfy Specified motion requirements. This will be the emphasis of this class.

2. What is Kinetics?

Kinetics is the study of effect of forces on moving bodies. Good kinematic design should produce good kinetics.

3. Define Link.

A link is defined as a member or a combination of members of a mechanism connecting other members and having relative motion between them. The link may consist of one or more resistant bodies. A link may be called as kinematic link or element. Eg: Reciprocating steam engine.

4. Define Kinematic Pair.

Kinematic pair is a joint of two links having relative motion between them. The types of kinematic pair are classified according to

^Ø  Nature of contact (lower pair, higher pair)

^Ø   Nature of mechanical contact (Closed pair, unclosed pair)

^Ø  Nature of relative motion (Sliding pair, turning pair, rolling pair, screw pair, spherical pair)

5. Define Kinematic Chain

When the kinematic pairs are coupled in such a way that the last link is joined to the first link to transmit definite motion it is called a kinematic chain.

Eg: The crank shaft of an engine forms a kinematic pair with the bearings which are fixed in a pair, the connecting rod with the crank forms a second kinematic pair, the piston with the connecting rod forms a third pair and the piston with the cylinder forms the fourth pair. The total combination of these links is a kinematic chain. Eg: Lawn mower. 

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KOM unit-4 Notes - Gear Terminologies

Gear Terminology

Addendum:

The radial distance between the Pitch Circle and the top of the teeth.

Arc of Action:

That arc of the Pitch Circle between the first point of contact between gear teeth and the last.

Arc of Approach:

That arc of the Pitch Circle between the first point of contact between gear teeth and the the Pitch Point.

Arc of Recession:

That arc of the Pitch Circle between the Pitch Point and the last point of contact between gear teeth.

Backlash:

Play between mating teeth.

Base Circle:

The circle from which is generated the involute curve upon which the tooth profile is based.

Center Distance:

The distance between centers of two gears.

Chordal Addendum:

The distance between a chord, passing through the points where the Pitch Circle crosses the tooth profile, and the tooth top.

Chordal Thickness:

The thickness of the tooth measured along a chord passing through the points where the Pitch Circle crosses the tooth profile.

Circular Pitch:

Inches of Pitch Circle circumference per tooth.

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ANNA UNIVERSITY TIME TABLE - B.E/B.Tech (R-2008)/ B.Arch.(R-2009) DEGREE EXAMINATIONS - Nov-Dec 2013

ANNA UNIVERSITY , CHENNAI - 600 025
TIME TABLE - B.E/B.Tech (R-2008)/ B.Arch.(R-2009) DEGREE EXAMINATIONS - Nov-Dec 2013
For candidates admitted in Anna University, Chennai in 2008, 2009 & 2012,
erstwhile Anna University of Technology, Chennai in 2010 and
all erstwhile Anna Universities of Technology in 2011
FN: FORENOON
AN:AFTERNOON CONTROLLER OF EXAMINATIONS
19-09-13

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DE unit-3 Notes

 Combinational circuits and systems produce an output based on input variables only. Sequential circuits use current input variables and previous input variables by storing the information and putting back into the circuit on the next clock (activation) cycle.


A theoretical view of how sequential circuits are made up from combinational logic and some storage elements. There are two types of input to the combinational logic; External inputs which come from outside the circuit design and are not controlled by the circuit; Internal inputs which a function of a previous output states are The internal inputs and outputs are refered to as "secondaries" in the course notes. Secondary inputs are state variables produced by the storage elements, where as secondary outputs are excitations for the storage elements.
Two Main Types of Sequential Circuits
There are two types of sequential circuit, synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous types use pulsed or level inputs and a clock input to drive the circuit (with restrictions on pulse width and circuit propagation).
Asynchronous sequential circuits do not use a clock signal as synchronous circuits do. Instead the circuit is driven by the pulses of the inputs. You will not need to know anymore about asynchronous circuits for this course.
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Design of Sequential Circuits,Counters & Registers notes - Digital Electronics -Unit-3

A register is a group of binary storage cells capable of holding binary information.
•A group of flip-flops constitutes a register, since each flip-flop can work as a binary cell.
•An n-bit register, has n flip-flops and is capable of holding n-bits of information.
•In addition to flip-flops a register can have a combinational part that performs data-processing tasks.
SHIFT REGISTER
Shift registers are a type of sequential logic circuit, mainly for storage of digital data. They are a group of flip-flops connected in a chain so that the output from one flip-flop becomes the input of the next flip-flop.
Most of the registers possess no characteristic internal sequence of states. All the flip-flops are driven by a common clock, and all are set or reset simultaneously.
The data in a shift register can be shifted in two possible ways: (a) serial shifting and (b) parallel shifting.
The serial shifting method shifts one bit at a time for each clock pulse in a serial manner, beginning with either LSB or MSB.
On the other hand, in parallel shifting operation, all the data (input or output) gets shifted simultaneously during a single clock pulse.
Hence, we may say that parallel shifting operation is much faster than serial shifting operation.
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DE - Unit-3 -SYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS- 2 Marks Question and answers

1. Difference between Combinational & Sequential Circuits.
2. What are the classifications of sequential circuits?
The sequential circuits are classified on the basis of timing of their signals into
two types. They are:
1) Synchronous sequential circuit.
2) Asynchronous sequential circuit.
3. Define Flip flop.
The basic unit for storage is flip flop. A flip-flop maintains its output state either at 1
or 0 until directed by an input signal to change its state.
4. What are the different types of flip-flop?
There are various types of flip flops. Some of them are mentioned below they are:
1. SR flip-flop
2. D flip-flop
3. JK flip-flop
4. T flip-flop
5. What is the operation of D flip-flop?
In D flip-flop during the occurrence of clock pulse if D=1, the output Q is set and
if D=0, the output is reset.
Set – 1, Reset – 0.
6. What is the operation of JK flip-flop?
1. When K input is low and J input is high the Q output of flip-flop is set.
2. When K input is high and J input is low the Q output of flip-flop is reset.
3. When both the inputs K and J are low the output does not change
4. When both the inputs K and J are high it is possible to set or reset the flip-flop
(ie) the output toggle on the next positive clock edge
7. What is the operation of T flip-flop?
T flip-flop is also known as Toggle flip-flop.
1. When T=0 there is no change in the output.
2. When T=1 the output switch to the complement state (ie) the output toggles.

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Sensors and Signal Processing - Unit-II - Mechanical Measurement- Handwritten Notes

Here added the "UNIT II MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS"
Temperature: Filled thermometer – Bimetallic thermometer – monometers – elastic transducers
– bourdon gauge – bellows – diaphragm. Vacuum: McLeod gauge, thermal conductivity gauge –
Ionization gauge, flow measurement: orifice, venture, nozzle, pitot tube, turbine flow meter, hot
wire anemometer.

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Digital Electronics - Unit-1 (Number system & Basic Logic)- Hand Written notes

This material covers the following topics, these are explained briefly with suitable examples.
Make use of it. For more notes you can contact me.

 NUMBER SYSTEM AND BASIC LOGIC
Number systems – Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, BCD, Excess 3, Complements Conversions and Arithmetic. Boolean theorems, Boolean algebra – AND, OR, NOT, NAND & NOR operation, Sum of Product and Product of Sum forms. Minimization – Kamaugh’s map, Tabular Minimization Procedures.


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Digital Electronics Assignment-1

Digital Electronics

Assignment-I

1.     Perform the subtraction with the decimal numbers given using

         (i) 10’s complement.    (ii) 9’s complement. Check the answer by straight subtraction

         (a) 5249 – 320 (b) 3571 – 2101.

2.     (i) Define Minterm and Maxterm

3.     Simplify the Boolean expression (i)  F = C(B + C)(A + B + C).                             

       (ii)  T=(x + x y z )+ (x + x y z)(x + x y z).

4.     Determine the Binary, Hexa and Octal numbers representation for decimal number 10.625.

5.     (i)Perform the BCD addition: 808 + 229. (ii)Perform the BCD subtraction: 557-399.

6.     (i) Convert the expression into its standard SOP equation. Y = (A + BC) (B + C’ A) (ii) Convert the expression to standard POS equation. Y = (A + B) (A + C) (B + C’)

7.     Simplify the following function in (a) s–o-p and (b) p–o–s by using K-Map. Realize it by using logic gates F(A, B, C, D) = Σ (3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)

8.     Simplify it  by using K-Map f( A,B,C,D) = Σ m (0,1,5,7,11,12,13,14,15) and realize using NAND gates.

9.     Simplify it  by using K-Map f( A,B,C,D) = Π M ( 2,3,5,7,10,13,14,15) and realize using NOR gates.

10.  Simplify the Boolean function using tabular method.

                 F(A, B, C, D, E) = Σ (0, 1, 4, 5, 16, 17, 21, 25, 29, 30).

11.  Simplify the Boolean function using tabular method

              F(A, B, C, D, E, F) = Σ (6, 9, 13, 18, 19, 27, 29, 41, 45, 57, 61, 63)

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Principle of Electrical Machines and Power System and its solution Manual - P.C.Sen - e-book Free Download

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UNIT I BASIC OF MECHANISMS - Hand Written Notes

 UNIT I       BASIC OF MECHANISMS
Terminology and Definitions – Degree of Freedom Mobility – Kutzbach criterion – Grashoff’s law
– Kinematic Inversions of 4 – bar chain and slider crank chains – Mechanical Advantage –
Transmission angle – Description of common Mechanisms – Single, double and offset slider
mechanisms – Quick return mechanisms Ratchets and escapements – Indexing Mechanisms –
Rocking Mechanisms – Straight line generators – Design of Crank – rocker Mechanisms.

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Notes on Logic Gates

List of Commonly used IC Numbers for Logic gates

IC 7404 – 2 Input -NOT Gate

IC 7432 – 2 Input -OR Gate

IC 7408 - 2 Input -AND Gate

IC7400- 2 Input -NAND Gate

IC7402 - 2 Input -NOR Gate

IC7486 – Quad 2 Input –EX-OR Gate

IC74266 – Quad 2 Input –EX-NOR Gate 

Introduction to Digital Logic Gates :A Digital Logic Gate is an electronic device that makes logical decisions based on the different combinations of digital signals present on its inputs. A digital logic gate may have more than one input but only has one digital output. Standard commercially available digital logic gates are available in two basic families or forms, TTL which stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic such as the 7400 series, and CMOS which stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon which is the 4000 series of chips. This notation of TTL or CMOS refers to the logic technology used to manufacture the integrated circuit, (IC) or a "chip" as it is more commonly called.
Classification of Integrated Circuits 

1.     Small Scale Integration or (SSI) - Contain up to 10 transistors or a few gates within a single package such as AND, OR, NOT gates. 

2.     Medium Scale Integration or (MSI) - between 10 and 100 transistors or tens of gates within a single package and perform digital operations such as adders, decoders, counters, flip-flops and multiplexers. 

3.     Large Scale Integration or (LSI) - between 100 and 1,000 transistors or hundreds of gates and perform specific digital operations such as I/O chips, memory, arithmetic and logic units.

4.     Very-Large Scale Integration or (VLSI) - between 1,000 and 10,000 transistors or thousands of gates and perform computational operations such as processors, large memory arrays and programmable logic devices.

5.     Super-Large Scale Integration or (SLSI) - between 10,000 and 100,000 transistors within a single package and perform computational operations such as microprocessor chips, micro-controllers, basic PICs and calculators.

6.     Ultra-Large Scale Integration or (ULSI) - more than 1 million transistors - the big boys that are used in computers CPUs, GPUs, video processors, micro-controllers, FPGAs and complex PICs.

Digital Logic States : The Digital Logic Gate is the basic building block from which all digital electronic circuits and microprocessor based systems are constructed from. Basic digital logic gates perform logical operations of AND, OR and NOT on binary numbers.

In digital logic design only two voltage levels or states are allowed and these states are generally referred to as Logic "1" and Logic "0", High and Low, or True and False. A good example of a digital signal is a simple light as it is either "ON" or "OFF" but not both at the same time.

The Logic "AND" Gate :

A Logic AND Gate is a type of digital logic gate that has an output which is normally at logic level "0" and only goes "HIGH" to a logic level "1" when ALL of its inputs are at logic level "1". The output state of a "Logic AND Gate" only returns "LOW" again when ANY of its inputs are at a logic level "0". In other words for a logic AND gate, any LOW input will give a LOW output.

The logic or Boolean expression given for a logic AND gate is that for Logical Multiplication which is denoted by a single dot or full stop symbol, ( . ) giving us the Boolean expression of:  A.B = Q.

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EC 3205 –Electrical Machines and Drives - 2 Marks Questions & Answers

EC 3205 – Electrical Machines and Drives

TOPICS

                      UNIT I        CIRCUITS AND TRANSFORMERS

                      UNIT II      ELECTRICAL MOTORS

                      UNIT III     SPEED CONTROL AND STRATING

                      UNIT IV     ELECTRICAL DRIVES

                     UNIT V       SOLID STATE DRIVES(QUALITATIVE TREATMENT ONLY)

UNIT I-Electric Circuits and Transformer

1.      State Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit.

It states that the magneto motive force across the magnetic element is equal to the product of the magnetic flux through the magnetic element and the reluctance of the magnetic material. It is given by MMF = Flux X Reluctance

2.      Define leakage flux

The flux setup in the air paths around the magnetic material is known as leakage flux.

3.      Define magnetic reluctance

The opposition offered by the magnetic circuit for the magnetic flux path is known as magnetic reluctance. It is analogous to electric resistance.

4.      What is fringing?

In the air gap the magnetic flux fringes out into neighbouring air paths due to the reluctance of air gap which causes a non-uniform flux density in the air gap of a machine. This effect is called fringing effect.

5.      Mention some magnetic materials

Alnicos, chromium steels, copper–nickel alloy, nickel, cobalt, tungsten and aluminium.


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Digital Electronics 2 mark Question & Answer for Unit-I

1. Define Digital Systems.
A system which processing discrete or digital signal is called as Digital System.

 2. What is meant by bit?
A binary digit is called bit.

3. What is the best example of digital system?
 Digital computer is the best example of a digital system.

 4. Define Radix.
It specifies the number of symbols used for corresponding number system.

5. Define Nibble,Byte and word.
 i). In binary number a group of four bits. ii). A group of 8 bits are called Byte. iii). A group of 16 bits or 4 nibble are called word.

6. List the number systems?
 i) Decimal Number system ii) Binary Number system iii) Octal Number system iv) Hexadecimal Number system
 7. Define binary logic?
Binary logic consists of binary variables and logical operations. The variables are designated by the alphabets such as A, B, C, x, y, z, etc., with each variable having only two distinct values: 1 and 0. There are three basic logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.


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